Signals
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Signals are a Unix invention for asynchronous signaling, and were integrated into the C standard (<signal.h>). When a process receives a signal (send by hardware, or another process using raise()), a signal handler is called. A signal handler is a C function that handles the signal; which function to call on which signal is defined by passing its function pointer to the signal() function. (If no signal handler is defined for a given signal, a raise() of that signal aborts the program.)
Handling
Signal handling is tricky, since it breaks the single-control-flow structure of a C program. Make sure you read the manuals.